CIT 594讲解 、辅导 Python设计编程
CIT 594 Solo Project
An Exercise in Software Design
Planning and design are key to successfully building complex software; these are the focus of this
assignment. You will apply the design principles and design patterns that we recently covered in
class to develop, from scratch, a Java application that reads text files as input and analyzes the
contents.
This assignment is a significant level-up from previous assignments. You will not just be plugging
code into an application structure that has been supplied to you. Instead, you will have to use
the skills you have been learning all semester to design both the full structure of the application
and the individual functions to perform its specific tasks. This is a much more time-consuming
project than those you have encountered previously, so please get started early and plan your time
accordingly.
Because of the centrality of design in this assignment, design will also be a large part of your grade.
A perfectly organized submission that fails to compile will receive more points than a submission
that works perfectly but violates all of the specified design objectives.
The good news is that much of the design work you do in this project will be directly reusable
in the next assignment, your final group project. You must complete the current assignment by
yourself, but doing your best work now will give you a head start when you begin to work with
your assigned team.
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Contents
1 Learning Objectives 3
2 Background 3
3 Input Data Format 3
3.1 Tweets: Tab-Separated . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
3.2 Tweets: JSON . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
3.3 States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
3.4 Provided Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
4 Functional Specifications 6
4.1 Runtime arguments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
4.2 Identifying relevant tweets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
4.3 Determining the locations of tweets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
4.4 Program output . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
4.5 Logging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
4.6 Functionality Checklist . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
5 Design Specification 11
5.1 The Logger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
6 Logistics 13
6.1 Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
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6.2 Getting Help on the Discussion Board . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
6.3 How to Submit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
6.4 Assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
6.5 Common Mistakes & Frequently Asked Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Learning Objectives
In completing this assignment, you will learn how to:
• Design a software system using an N-tier architecture
• Design software using the principles of modularity, functional independence, and abstraction
• Apply the Singleton design pattern
• Use a Java library to read data stored in a JSON file
Background
Government agencies such as the Centers for Disease Control can use social media information
to get an understanding of the spread of infectious disease. By analyzing the use of words and
expressions that appear over time on platforms such as Twitter, Facebook, etc., it is possible to
estimate where the disease is affecting people and whether it is spreading or appears to be contained.
In this assignment, you will design and develop an application that analyzes a small set of Twitter
data to look for tweets regarding occurrences of the flu and determines the US states in which these
tweets occur.
Information about the format of the input data, the functional specification of the application, and
the way in which it should be designed follows below. Please be sure to read all the way through
before you start programming!
Input Data Format
Your analytical dataset is a collection of potentially flu-related tweets, with some metadata for
each. At a minimum, each tweet record will contain the tweet text, the tweet date, and the tweet
location in latitude/longitude format. Additional metadata may also be present, but is not needed
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for your analysis.
Some tweet records may appear in the dataset multiple times with identical data. You should
analyze, count, and log each appearance independently, and not worry about trying to detect
duplicate tweets.
Tweet records will be provided in two different formats: a tab-separated text file and a JSON file.
Your program will need to automatically select the appropriate parser for a given file based on its
type. You may infer the format of a file from its file name extension (the portion of the file name
following the last “.”). Note that the provided “flu tweets.txt” and “flu tweets.json” files
both contain the same set of tweets, just in different formats and with slightly different extraneous
metadata.
Tweets: Tab-Separated
The tab-separated values file for this assignment has “.txt” as its file extension. Each line of the
file contains the data for a single tweet. The following is an example of the data for a single tweet:
[41.38, -81.49] 6 2019-01-28 19:02:28 Yay, homework!
The line contains four tab-separated (“\t”) fields:
1. Location: the geographical coordinates [latitude, longitude] of the point of origin of the tweet.
This field is demarcated by square brackets (“[]”) and the latitude and longitude are separated
by a comma and a space (“, ”): “[41.38, -81.49]”
2. An identifier used by the collector of the tweets. (“6” in this example.) This field can be
ignored for our purposes.
3. The date of the tweet in YYYY-MM-DD hh:mm:ss format. (“2019-01-28 19:02:28” in this
example.) We will also ignore this field.
4. The text of the tweet: “Yay, homework!”
Tweets: JSON
JSON (“JavaScript Object Notation”) is a popular standard for exchanging data on the World
Wide Web. For details see: ECMA-404 and rfc8259. In this assignment and elsewhere, JSON files
use the “.json” extension. In brief, JSON files are human-readable text files which encode data in
JavaScript syntax (which is also similar to Python syntax). Permissible atomic values are strings,
numbers, or one of true, false, or null. All other data is encoded in one of two composite types:
“object” and “array”.
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JSON objects are effectively maps written in the same syntax as Python dicts: curly braces (“{}”)
surrounding comma separated key:value pairs. Arrays are represented as square brackets (“[]”)
enclosing a series of comma separated values, like Python lists. In general, JSON allows for arbitrary
nesting of composite types.
The JSON tweets file contains an array of tweet objects. In JSON, the example tweet above might
look something like:
{
"location": [41.38, -81.49],
"identifier": 6,
"time": "2019-01-28 19:02:28",
"text": "Yay, homework!"
}
Note that if you open the provided JSON tweet archive in a text editor (which you should do to
familiarize yourself with its structure), you may see that the JSON tweet objects contain additional
fields beyond the ones that we are using, that certain unused fields are missing, or that the fields
are in a different order from the example given above. This should not affect your work on this
assignment, as you are not expected to attempt to manually parse the JSON from the file text.
Instead, you will read in the files using a standard JSON processing library, and work with the
resulting data structures.
There are numerous Java libraries for reading JSON objects, and numerous tutorials on how to
use them. For this assignment, we’re going to be using the JSON.simple library. Use the provided
json-simple-1.1.1.jar from the starter files; add it to your project’s build path. A tutorial for
this library is available here. Do not put the jar file in your src or bin directories, and do not
unpack it. Jars are meant to be used directly.
To repeat: Do not attempt to write your own code to parse the JSON file! It would be extremely
time-consuming to get all the details right, and would take you far afield from the focus of this
assignment. Only process the JSON file using the provided JSON.simple library.
States
In order to determine the state from which each tweet originated, your program will also need to
read a file that contains the latitude and longitude of the center of each of the 50 US states, plus
Washington DC, in comma-separated format. Each line of the file contains the data for a single
state and contains the name of the state, the latitude, and the longitude. Here is an example:
Alabama,32.7396323,-86.8434593
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Provided Files
Your program will be evaluated using the following input files:
• a set of 10,000 tweets in tab-separated format (flu tweets.txt)
• the same 10,000 tweets in JSON format (flu tweets.json)
• a CSV file listing the centers of the 50 U.S. states and Washington, D.C. (states.csv)
Download the three input files along with json-simple-1.1.1.jar and add them to your project’s
root directory so that you can test your program. Identical copies of those files will be used as part
of the functional evaluation of your submission. You should, of course, create your own input files
for testing.
Functional Specifications
This section describes the specification that your program must follow. Some parts may be underspecified; you are free to interpret those parts any way you like, within reason, but you should ask
a member of the instruction staff if you feel that something needs to be clarified. Your program
must be written in Java. As with previous assignments, you should use Java 11 for this project
since this is the level used by Codio. Your code must not make use of external libraries that are not
part of the standard Java 11 API other than the provided JSON.simple library. Do not configure
a module for your project (even if your IDE recommends doing so). It’s possible your IDE might
generate a module-info.java file even without prompting you; we recommend deleting this.
Runtime arguments
The runtime arguments to the program should specify, in this order:
• the name of the tweets input file
• the name of the states input file
• the name of the log file (for logging debug information; see “Logging” below)
For example: flu tweets.json states.csv log.txt
Do not prompt the user for this information! These should be specified when the program is started
(e.g. from the command line or using a Run Configuration in your IDE). If you do not know how
to do this, please see the documentation here.
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The program should display an error message and immediately terminate upon any of the following
conditions:
• the number of arguments is incorrect
• the tweets file does not match (case-insensitive) a recognized extension (“.json” or “.txt”)
• the specified tweets file or states file does not exist or cannot be opened for reading (e.g.
because of file permissions); take a look at the documentation for the java.io.File class if you
don’t know how to determine this
• your program cannot create/open the specified log file for writing
For simplicity, you may assume that the tweets file and states file are well-formed according to the
specified formats, assuming they exist and can be opened. You can also assume that the format is
correctly labeled if the file name includes a valid extension.
These are pretty big assumptions but will greatly simplify this assignment!
Note: If the designated log file does not exist, it should be created, and if it does exist, it should
be opened in append mode instead of overwriting the existing file. (Consult the FileWriter docs
to get the parameters correct.)
Identifying relevant tweets
The goal of our tweet analysis is to track spread of the flu. To that end, you must identify the
tweets that discuss the disease. After identifying the flu tweets, your program should match the
locations of these tweets to states and print out the number of flu tweets in each state (but only
for those states that had any flu tweets at all).
A tweet is considered to be a flu tweet if the text contains one or more flu words or hashtags. For
this assignment, we’ll simplify the notion of a hashtag to the same thing as a word with a “#” in
front (i.e. “#flu” is hashtag and “flu” is not). A valid flu word or hashtag satisfies the following
criteria:
• The word must start with “flu” (or “#flu” for a hashtag). None of “influence”, “influenza”,
and “!flu” are flu words, for our purposes.
• If there are any characters following “flu”, the next character must not be a letter, but
any other following string does not invalidate the word. “fluent” is not a valid flu word,
but“flu2020” is, as is “flu4me&u”.
• Matching should be case-insensitive, as in our sensitivity analysis earlier in the semester.
“flu”, “FLU”, “Flu”, and “fLu” are all valid flu words.
• A flu hashtag is a flu word with a single ‘#’ in front of it.
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Hint: Skim the regular expression documentation in java.util.regex.Pattern. There are methods in Pattern and Matcher that can make this quite easy if used correctly.
Some example tweet classifications, note this does not cover all cases to consider:
Text Flu tweet?
I feel like I have the flu and I hate it Yes
Flu symptoms are the worst Yes
I definitely have the flu Yes
I think I have the #flu I’m so sick Yes
How would I know if I have the flu? Yes
Five days I’ve had the flu! so sad Yes
That bunny is so fluffy I wanna squeeze it No
Don’t be influenced by fake news No
ugh, I got #fluvid-19, shoulda taken the vax. No
so sick with the #flue gonna go home now No
Although a real-world implementation would arguably want to identify the last example as a flu
tweet, you should not do so for the purposes of this assignment.
Please do not spend too much time worrying about what is and what is not a “flu tweet”, as that
is not the main purpose of the assignment. We’re not trying to trick you, we promise! As long as
your code works correctly for the examples provided above, and is case-insensitive, you’ll be fine.
As you’ve surely noticed, this approach to identifying “flu tweets” is extremely simplified and
probably not super-accurate, but determining whether a tweet really does indicate that someone
has the flu is waaaay outside the scope of this assignment. So even if you believe you have a
more accurate solution to the problem, for your submission, please be sure to follow the
specifications described here!
Determining the locations of tweets
Once you have found the “flu tweets,” you will need to determine the state in which each originated.
For the purpose of this assignment we will use a simplified approach to matching locations. The
state of origin is defined as the state whose provided reference point (from “states.csv”) is the
lowest cartesian (planar) distance from the tagged location of the tweet. In the event of an exact
tie, pick one arbitrarily. All alternatives in such a scenario will be considered equally valid.
Clearly this is not a perfect measure of distance — the Earth is a spheroid rather than a plane
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(hopefully we can all agree on that), states are weird shapes rather than single points, and we might
be interested in other completely different definitions of distance (e.g. travel time), or distances
to other things like cities, or general clustering. If you find yourself inspired to look into these or
other more accurate and meaningful metrics, that’s great! But your program will be graded on
how well it matches the expected results, which are calculated using “flat-earth” cartesian
distances in the form:
distance = q
(longitude2 − longitude1)
2 + (latitude2 − latitude1)
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Program output
When your program finishes looking for “flu tweets” and determining their locations, it should
print the number of “flu tweets” per state to the console, using System.out, with the state names
listed in alphabetical order. (Hint: think about which data structure you can use to make this a
bit easier!)
When writing this summary output to the screen, please format it as one line per state. Each line
should consist only of the state name followed by a colon (“:”) and one space, then the number of
“flu tweets” from that state.
Alabama: 1
McMurdo Station: 4
Mons Olympus: 1
Pennsylvania: 1000
Tranquility Base: 2
If a state has no flu tweets, it should be omitted from the output list.
Please do not post questions in the discussion forum asking whether your state tally or tallies are
correct! It is up to each student to determine the correct output of the program.
Logging
In addition to displaying the output as described above, your program must also record all of the
“flu tweets” it identifies in the log file that was specified as an argument to the program.
For each “flu tweet”, write one line to the log file. The line must start with the state name followed
by 1 tab (“\t”) followed by the text of the tweet. A good practice is to send each “flu tweet” to
the logger as a separate logging request. This request should be sent as soon as you know both
that it is a flu tweet and what state it is from.
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For example:
Alabama I have the flu!
Note: only the requested information should be sent to the logger. Do not add more information.
Additional details:
• Only flu tweets should be logged.
• Flu tweets should be logged in the order they were read (i.e., in the order they appear in the
file).
• Each flu tweet should be logged exactly once.
• Duplicate entries in the input should be treated as distinct tweets. If a particular tweet
appears twice in the input, it should appear twice in the output.
• Your logs should contain no extra output or extraneous characters.
• If a log file with the same name already exists when the program starts, new log entries should
be appended to the end of the existing file, rather than overwriting it.
Functionality Checklist
Things to double check:
• Command line arguments: tweets file, states file, log file
• Support json and tab-separated tweets files
• Correct filtering for flu tweets
• Correct location matching between tweets and states
• Log handles both new and existing files
• Log flu tweets in the order they are read
• No extra duplication or omission of tweets (in the logs and the tallies)
• Prints state tallies in alphabetical order
• Only print states with tweets
• Formatting is correct (improperly formatted output will not count, even for partial credit)
• No extraneous output to System.out or to the log files
• No translation or alteration of the input text (i.e. do not trim, do not apply character set
translations)
• Do not use System.exit
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Design Specification
In addition to satisfying the functional specification described above, your program must also use
some of the architecture and design patterns discussed in the videos.
In particular, you must use the N-tier architecture to identify and then separate your application
into functionally independent modules.
To help with the organization of your code (and to help with the grading), please adhere to the
following conventions:
• the program’s “main” function must be in a class called Main, which should be in the
edu.upenn.cit594 package
• the classes in the Presentation/User Interface tier should be in the edu.upenn.cit594.ui package
• the classes in the Processor tier should be in the edu.upenn.cit594.processor package
• the classes in the Data Management (file/backend data input/output, except for logging) tier
should be in the edu.upenn.cit594.datamanagement package
• the Singleton Logger class should be in the edu.upenn.cit594.logging package
• the classes you create to share data between tiers should be in the edu.upenn.cit594.util
package
Your Main class should be responsible for reading the runtime arguments (described above), creating
all the objects, arranging the dependencies between modules, etc. Beyond these tasks, make sure
Main doesn’t perform any duties that belong in other tiers. See the “Monolith vs. Modularity”
reading assignment in Module 10 for an example if you are unsure how to do this.
Because your program must be able to read the set of tweets from either a tab-separated file or
from a JSON file, you must design your application so that you have two classes to read the tweets
input file: one that reads from a tab-separated file and one that reads from a JSON file. The code
that uses those classes should not care which one it’s using. The classes that read the input files
should get the name of the input file via their constructor, passed from Main to whichever object
creates them.
The Logger
A logger is a global ledger available for use by all parts of an application, for sequentially recording
selected program events (typically debugging and monitoring information) separately from the
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primary program output. The logger is a self-contained companion facility to the rest of the
application and is not governed by the main application design. It simply sits off to the side and
records events at the request of any other application component.
In general, there is one and only one logger instance, which is used by every part of the code at all
times. The logger should be initialized only once, before or at the first possible loggable event, and
any subsequent request for a logger, by any function, should return this same instance. In short,
a logger is a perfect example of the Singleton design pattern, and your logger for this assignment
must implement that pattern.
The logger class must have instance methods (non-static methods) to:
• Log an event. This method must have a single parameter of type String.
• Set or change the output destination. This method must take a single String, the name of
the file to write.
You may choose how to handle events sent to the logger prior to setting an output file (this should
not come up during normal operations). For the purpose of this assignment, you are free to just
drop these events and not record them anywhere.
The method that configures the output must support changing the output to a different file. That
means it must be careful to close the current output, if one is set, before opening the requested
destination. Logged events should appear in and only in the output file that is current when they
are logged.
Log files should be created if necessary and always opened with the append option, not overwritten.
See the FileWriter documentation for details.
Hint: The specified behaviors suggest settings to use when opening the output file and should not
require additional logic in your code.
Be mindful, if you want to use the Singleton pattern in other places in the code (this is neither
recommended nor forbidden), it is not just about classes that you only instantiate once. A Singleton
is global state that persists across much of the life of the application, so you wouldn’t want too
many of these floating around, unable to be garbage-collected.
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Logistics
Please be sure to read the section below, as some of the details for this project are different from
that of other assignments.
Testing
As with previous assignments, writing your own tests is important to ensuring your implementation
is ready for successful deployment (grading). Given the design calls for a number of components
that must work together, it is recommended that you write tests that will carefully test each
individual component as well as some integration tests that check that the components will work
well with each other. Note: the tests that you write are for your benefit, they will not be graded.
The starter files include one Java file with unit tests to check the basic functionality of your
application. Those tests will check that the application can be run and generates properly formatted
output. For the most part those tests will not check the correctness of the output or stress test
your application. Passing these tests does not ensure that your code will receive full points, or even
that you will get a good grade. These are just the most basic tests to ensure your code is gradable.
Please make sure your implementation passes all provided tests before submission.
Getting Help on the Discussion Board
As always, you are welcome to use the discussion board to ask clarification questions, get help with
error messages (particularly when using the JSON library), and ask for general advice.
However, please do not post public questions regarding the correct outputs for the program (e.g.,
state flu tweet tallies or log contents). For instance, please do not post public questions along the
lines of “My program says that Connecticut has 4 flu tweets; is that right?” It’s important that
all students determine for themselves whether their program is working correctly. Unlike previous
assignments, correct answers and test cases will not be provided in advance.
Likewise, please do not post public questions such as “Should I put the code that reads the JSON
file in the Processor tier or the Data Management tier?”. Answering that question by yourself is
pretty much the point of the design aspect of the assignment!
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How to Submit
Before you submit, make sure that you’ve signed off on the academic integrity statement. The
template signoff template.txt is included in the starter resources and must be renamed with your
first and last name. For example, John Smith would turn in the file “John Smith.txt”.
Submit your code by uploading to Codio. Codio has BasicTests.java, the data files, and the jars
for JUnit and JSON-Simple already loaded, so you only need to upload your src folder and the
academic integrity statement. The academic integrity statement should be in the submit folder in
Codio, not in the src folder.
As with previous assignments, you should make sure your code runs there by clicking “Run BasicTests” (which runs BasicTests.java), “Run Your Program: json” (which runs using the json input
file), and “Run Your Program: text” (which runs using the input txt file) as many times as you
need, to check basic functionality and output formatting. When you are ready to submit, press
“Mark as Complete”. Unlike past assignments, grades will not be immediately provided, as this
assignment has manually-graded components in addition to the usual automatic grading.
When uploading, your src folder (which should contain your edu folder as its immediate child)
should be inside the submit folder. By far, the easiest way to do this is by directly dragging the
src folder from your computer’s file manager and dropping it directly on top of the submit folder
on the left-hand side file tree in Codio. Don’t upload anything else and don’t delete anything in
the submit folder.
Assessment
This assignment is graded out of a total of 100 points. It will be graded by members of the
instruction staff.
The design of your system is worth 50 points, based on the correct use of the N-tier architecture
and the packages as described above. Be sure to follow the given package naming convention, and
be sure that the correct functionality is placed into the correct tier/package.
The implementation of the Singleton pattern is worth 10 points.
The implementation of your system is worth 40 points, based on its ability to do the following:
• Read command line arguments
• Read the input files
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• Identify flu tweets
• Determine the state in which a tweet originated
• Produce the output in the expected format
• Write to the log file
Note: your code is expected to pass the unit tests provided with the starter files, before submission
and evaluation. If your submission does not pass all of those tests, you should not expect any
functionality points. Please do not request re-evaluation for functionality related issues if your
code does not pass all of the provided unit tests.
Common Mistakes & Frequently Asked Questions
What follows is a list of common mistakes and frequently asked questions we’ve seen in this assignment (and to some extent the group project, which can be thought of as “part 2” of this assignment)
over some past semesters. This assignment can be overwhelming at first due to suddenly needing
to create an entire data processing pipeline all by yourself with no starter code. Hopefully these
lists will keep you from going down some of the fruitless rabbit holes we’ve seen.
Common mistakes in the Singleton Logger
• Failing to close the old log file when creating a new one. (This is in reference to the requirement
that your logger be able to change to a new file when the configuration method gets called
multiple times.)
• Failing to flush the logger output after writing when not using a writer that automatically flushes output. Some do autoflushing and some don’t; see for instance the constructor
PrintWriter(Writer out, boolean autoFlush) (Javadocs).
• Using BufferedWriter for your Logger. This class is only useful if you want to avoid flushing
to the file frequently and only gets in the way if you want println to flush. See above point.
• Allowing getInstance() to construct multiple different instances of loggers each time you
call it. This method might construct a new logger if you’re using lazy instantiation and this
is the first time it’s being called, however in the general case, it should just return the exact
same logger that you created previously.
• Passing a filename to getInstance(). This method is supposed to just get the instance, and
the configuration method is supposed to be separate.
• Passing a filename to the logger’s constructor. If you’re passing a filename to the constructor,
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it’s likely that you aren’t implementing Singleton correctly, since the constructor is supposed
to be private and getInstance() isn’t supposed to take any parameters.
• Passing your Logger instance to tiers through their constructor parameters. Instead, they
should use getInstance() themselves; remember that a Singleton is supposed to be like a
global variable accessible by all and that persists across the life of the application.
• Passing another class to the Logger. Loggers shouldn’t know anything about the design of
your program.
• Logging everything at once. That’s missing the point of a logger. Loggers are supposed to
log things as they happen, so that if an application suddenly crashes/fails, you can track what
happened right up until the moment of the crash.
Common mistakes in the n-tier architecture
• Trying to make a generic method that can read either states or tweets. (For instance, returning
a List