辅导 ECOS3010、讲解 Java/Python设计程序
ECOS3010: Assignment 1 (Total: 20 marks) Due 11:59 pm, Friday Aug
30, 2024
1. Homework must be turned in on the day it is due. Work not submitted on
or before the due date is subject to a penalty of 5% per calendar day late. If work
is submitted more than 10 days after the due date, or is submitted after the return
date, the mark will be zero. Each assignment is worth 10% of total weight.
2. TYPE your work (including all mathematical equations). Homework
must be submitted as a typed PDF ffle, with no exceptions. Untyped work will not
be graded and will receive a mark of zero. If any question requests a graph, you may
draw the graph by hand, scan it, and include it as a ffgure in the PDF. Please do not
forget to include your name and SID.
3. Ensure that working process is clearly articulated, demonstrating your understanding
and methodology. Detailed and logical presentation of the process is crucial
and helpful for solving the problem and earning full credit.
1PROBLEM 1. (10 Marks) In our study of a simple model of money, we represented
economic growth through a growing population. Recall the market clearing
condition, where the total demand for ffat money must equal the aggregate supply.
This condition implies that:
vt =
Nt(y − c1)
Mt
We have the population dynamic is given as:
Nt+1 = nNt
Each young person born in period t is endowed with yt units of the consumption
good when young and nothing when old. The endowment grows over time so that:
yt+1 = αyt
where α > 1. Assume that in each period t, people desire to hold real money
balances equal to θ of their endowment, where 0 < θ < 1 so that:
vtmt = θyt
There is a constant stock of ffat money, M.
(a) Derive the lifetime budget constraint. [2 marks]
(b) What is the condition that represents the clearing of the money market in an
arbitrary period t? Determine the real return of ffat money in a monetary equilibrium.
How does the percentage of holding endowment affect the real return of ffat money?
[2 marks]
(c) Using the database developed by the World Bank (World Development Indicators
Link), ffnd the data for Japan over the past decade to determine the values
for α and n. Assess whether the value of money in Japan is increasing or decreasing.
Brieffy Discuss the implications for the price level. [Hint: Use the data from 2014 to
2023. For simplicity, employ the arithmetic mean for GDP growth (annual %) and
population growth (annual %), and round the ffnal result to four decimal points.] [4
marks]
(d) We further breakdown the assumption of the constant stock of ffat money,
now we have:
Mt+1 = zMt
Derive the new rate of return on ffat money for Japan over the past decade. Do
you obtain a different result for the value of money in Japan and its implications for
the price level? [Hint: Use the data from 2014 to 2023. For simplicity, employ the
arithmetic mean for broad money growth (annual %), and round the ffnal result to
four decimal points.] [2 marks]
2PROBLEM 2. (10 Marks) Let us extend our model from two periods to a
life-cycle economy. Agents are endowed with y0 when they are young. In their youth,
they do not work as they are accumulating skills for the next period. During the
second period, agents enter the labour force and supply labour elastically, receiving
wage compensation, which equals to ωl. In the third and ffnal period, agents retire
and enjoy all the money holdings accumulated from the previous periods. Agents
can save and borrow every period and discount utility at rate β. The agent lifetime
utility function is given as:
U =
X
3
t=1
β
t−1u(ct) + βv(l)
where utility function for consumption and labour supply are:
u(ct) = lnct
and
v(l) = ln(1 − l)
The periodical real interest rate is r. We use a simple notation of real demand
for ffat money (money holdings) from textbook, where qt = vtmt
. All parameters are
assumed to be postive. For your understanding, the ffrst-period budget constraint is
given as:
c1 + q1 ≤ y0
The second-period budget constraint is:
c2 + q2 ≤ (1 + r)q1 + wl
The third-period budget constraint is:
c3 + q3 ≤ (1 + r)q2
and lastly,
q3 = 0
As the central planner, you are concerned about consumption decision for agents and
thinking about the labour supply of the agents.
(e) Based on above constraints, derive the lifetime budget constraint. [1 mark]
(f) Setup the Lagrangian equation to represents the optimisation problem. [1
mark]
(g) What effects does an increase in β have on real money balances and the lifetime
consumption pattern? Give an intuitive interpretation of the parameter of β.[1 mark]
(h) Derive the expressions for the lifetime optimal consumption for ffrst period.
[Hint: You are going to solve the consumption as a function of the given parameters,
i.e. c
∗
1 = f(yo, ω, r, β). You can start with deriving the FOCs.] [4 marks]
(i) Derive the labour supply at optimal. [1 mark]
(j) How does the initial endowments y0 affect the agent labour supply? How does
real wage affect the labour supply when initial endowments are extremely small, say
y0 → 0? What is the underlying intuition behind this result? [2 marks]
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